The Roots of Artificial Intelligence Essay example

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence The roots of artificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Greece with myths like that of Pygmalion, which incorporated the idea of an intelligent robot. These early thoughts soon developed into stories like Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in 1818, which was the story of a monster created by man and brought to life. These stories make for interesting fireside tales and bedtime reading, but where did artificial intelligence truly get its start? Most scientists and historians would give this credit to â€Å"the father of artificial intelligence†1, John McCarthy. Without McCarthy, the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† would not have been coined; and many discoveries in this growing field†¦show more content†¦In 1944, he enrolled at California Institute of Technology as a junior due to his work in high school. After McCarthy returned from fighting in World War II in 1945, he proceeded to earn both his bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Cal Tech. Soon after he finished his schooling, McCarthy moved out into the world to figure out how he would use his abilities for the rest of his life. His search soon ended after listening to a lecture at his alma mater, Cal Tech. In 1948, John heard â€Å"the renowned mathematical logician and computer designer John von Neumann deliver a paper on self-replicating automata—machines capable of creating copies of themselves†3, at the Hixon Symposium for Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior at Cal Tech. â€Å"Von Neumann’s talk sparked McCarthy’s interest, and he began thinking about the relationship of human intelligence to machine intelligence.†4 McCarthy decided to study for his PhD at Princeton in 1949, where von Neumann was on the faculty. When he first arrived, McCarthy first attempted to model human intelligence in a machine; however, he was not satisfied with the results that he first received from the tests. The theories that McCarthy developed during this time were very useful in his future work on machine states and transitions. In the mid 1950’s, the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† was first presented when McCarthy requested money from t heShow MoreRelatedKnowledge Management And Its Roots From Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence And Organization Level Learning2308 Words   |  10 Pagesincludes the individual expertise and know-hows. Both these knowledge types are necessary for an effective growth of any organization and successful implementation of Knowledge Management Practice. Knowledge management has its roots from cognitive science, artificial intelligence and organization level learning. For knowledge management to be successful at every stage within the organization, Wiig (1993) mentions the importance of two knowledge related aspects. These are the knowledge assets that areRead MoreHow Close Are We Really Artificial Intelligence?1249 Words   |  5 PagesHow Close Are We Really to Artificial Intelligence? In The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, written by Douglas Adams, a man named Arthur Dent wakes up and finds himself at the beginning of beyond a bad day. When he learns that a friend of his is actually an alien with advanced knowledge of Earth s impending destruction, he is transported off the Earth seconds before it is exploded to make way for a new hyperspace motorway. And as if that s not enough, throw in being wanted by the police, EarthRead MoreImportance Of Artificial Intelligence1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmost famous science fiction writers, artificial intelligence ( AI) is taking root in our everyday lives† ( Science Fiction to Reality 1). Artificial Intelligence is a machinery which includes network and a probabilistic model. Artificial intelligence is the computer that can now spontaneously translate spoken and written conversation. It can also recognize and accurately cations photos, identify faces and can be your personal assistant. Artificial intelligenc e has specific technologies, like theRead MoreThe Invention Of Artificial Intelligence1668 Words   |  7 PagesIn our lives today, we all use some form of Artificial Intelligence daily. Some of these activities include: using cellular apps (Google Maps, Siri, Cortana), playing video games, and listening to music. Although the use of Artificial Intelligence has made human life more efficient and effective, it has also insinuated reliance and unsuspecting ignorance into our minds as well, and we do not even see it coming. The history of Artificial Intelligence dates back to the 1950s. Approximately fourteenRead MoreA Research On Artificial Intelligence1338 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation, and act in a human-like way. Artificial Intelligence has many uses across many fields, especially in the field of Medicine. Early on in the field, many scientists and doctors believed that robots controlled by sophisticated AI would be able to surpass clinicians. â€Å"With such motivations, a small but talented community of computer scientists and healthcare professionals set about shaping a research program for a new discipline called Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM). These researchersRead Morepsy 3601407 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Psychology/PSY360 Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes surrounding learning, memory, perception, and thought. Though it is still a relatively new formal branch of psychology, its roots extend back to Descartes who sought a way to explain how the mind worked, proposing the analogy of a â€Å"hydraulic system of nerve function† (Willingham, 2007, p. 26) after he observed animated statues in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It has been the restlessRead MoreThe Root Of Cognitive Architecture Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction and Background The root of cognitive architecture goes back to 1950s during which the topic of creating programs capable of reasoning about problems in different domains, developing insights, adaption to new situations and reflection on themselves started to receive general attention. This domain, which lies partly in artificial intelligence area, may be realized in four different ways [2]: ïÆ'Ëœ Systems that think like humans ïÆ'Ëœ Systems that think rationally ïÆ'Ëœ Systems that act likeRead MoreEssay on artificial intelligence471 Words   |  2 Pages Artificial intelligence or Al for short capability of a computer to perform functions that is normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning or self-improvement. Its concept requests a lot more than present information to the user; it requires that the machine is not only able to store and manipulate information but also to deal with its quot;meaningquot;. AI is what we call understanding, a combination of computer science, physiology and philosophy. The element thatRead MoreTechnology Innovation In Information Technology1613 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Computing. Artificial Intelligence (Cognitive Computing) in the Data Center The growing complexity of network infrastructures has increased the demand for intelligent coordination, configuration, and collaboration between government and its OEM Vendors. While the criticality of intelligent event management for ensuring resilient and stable cross-border services is of growing importance, customer expectations have similarly increased. The wave of Artificial Intelligence or Cognitive ComputingRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley And Parable Of The Sower By Octavia E. Butler1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"And the Destiny of Earthseed is to take root among the stars.† (Butler 77) The books â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley and â€Å"Parable of the Sower† by Octavia E. Butler are both science fiction novels warning of a dangerous potential future. Frankenstein looks at the dangers of creating artificially intelligent beings, while Parable of the Sower explores human savagery in the collapse of American civilization as the result of poor political decisions. Each addresses concerns of the time they were published

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence Essay example

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence The roots of artificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Greece with myths like that of Pygmalion, which incorporated the idea of an intelligent robot. These early thoughts soon developed into stories like Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in 1818, which was the story of a monster created by man and brought to life. These stories make for interesting fireside tales and bedtime reading, but where did artificial intelligence truly get its start? Most scientists and historians would give this credit to â€Å"the father of artificial intelligence†1, John McCarthy. Without McCarthy, the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† would not have been coined; and many discoveries in this growing field†¦show more content†¦In 1944, he enrolled at California Institute of Technology as a junior due to his work in high school. After McCarthy returned from fighting in World War II in 1945, he proceeded to earn both his bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Cal Tech. Soon after he finished his schooling, McCarthy moved out into the world to figure out how he would use his abilities for the rest of his life. His search soon ended after listening to a lecture at his alma mater, Cal Tech. In 1948, John heard â€Å"the renowned mathematical logician and computer designer John von Neumann deliver a paper on self-replicating automata—machines capable of creating copies of themselves†3, at the Hixon Symposium for Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior at Cal Tech. â€Å"Von Neumann’s talk sparked McCarthy’s interest, and he began thinking about the relationship of human intelligence to machine intelligence.†4 McCarthy decided to study for his PhD at Princeton in 1949, where von Neumann was on the faculty. When he first arrived, McCarthy first attempted to model human intelligence in a machine; however, he was not satisfied with the results that he first received from the tests. The theories that McCarthy developed during this time were very useful in his future work on machine states and transitions. In the mid 1950’s, the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† was first presented when McCarthy requested money from t heShow MoreRelatedKnowledge Management And Its Roots From Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence And Organization Level Learning2308 Words   |  10 Pagesincludes the individual expertise and know-hows. Both these knowledge types are necessary for an effective growth of any organization and successful implementation of Knowledge Management Practice. Knowledge management has its roots from cognitive science, artificial intelligence and organization level learning. For knowledge management to be successful at every stage within the organization, Wiig (1993) mentions the importance of two knowledge related aspects. These are the knowledge assets that areRead MoreHow Close Are We Really Artificial Intelligence?1249 Words   |  5 PagesHow Close Are We Really to Artificial Intelligence? In The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, written by Douglas Adams, a man named Arthur Dent wakes up and finds himself at the beginning of beyond a bad day. When he learns that a friend of his is actually an alien with advanced knowledge of Earth s impending destruction, he is transported off the Earth seconds before it is exploded to make way for a new hyperspace motorway. And as if that s not enough, throw in being wanted by the police, EarthRead MoreImportance Of Artificial Intelligence1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmost famous science fiction writers, artificial intelligence ( AI) is taking root in our everyday lives† ( Science Fiction to Reality 1). Artificial Intelligence is a machinery which includes network and a probabilistic model. Artificial intelligence is the computer that can now spontaneously translate spoken and written conversation. It can also recognize and accurately cations photos, identify faces and can be your personal assistant. Artificial intelligenc e has specific technologies, like theRead MoreThe Invention Of Artificial Intelligence1668 Words   |  7 PagesIn our lives today, we all use some form of Artificial Intelligence daily. Some of these activities include: using cellular apps (Google Maps, Siri, Cortana), playing video games, and listening to music. Although the use of Artificial Intelligence has made human life more efficient and effective, it has also insinuated reliance and unsuspecting ignorance into our minds as well, and we do not even see it coming. The history of Artificial Intelligence dates back to the 1950s. Approximately fourteenRead MoreA Research On Artificial Intelligence1338 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation, and act in a human-like way. Artificial Intelligence has many uses across many fields, especially in the field of Medicine. Early on in the field, many scientists and doctors believed that robots controlled by sophisticated AI would be able to surpass clinicians. â€Å"With such motivations, a small but talented community of computer scientists and healthcare professionals set about shaping a research program for a new discipline called Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM). These researchersRead Morepsy 3601407 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Psychology/PSY360 Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes surrounding learning, memory, perception, and thought. Though it is still a relatively new formal branch of psychology, its roots extend back to Descartes who sought a way to explain how the mind worked, proposing the analogy of a â€Å"hydraulic system of nerve function† (Willingham, 2007, p. 26) after he observed animated statues in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It has been the restlessRead MoreThe Root Of Cognitive Architecture Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction and Background The root of cognitive architecture goes back to 1950s during which the topic of creating programs capable of reasoning about problems in different domains, developing insights, adaption to new situations and reflection on themselves started to receive general attention. This domain, which lies partly in artificial intelligence area, may be realized in four different ways [2]: ïÆ'Ëœ Systems that think like humans ïÆ'Ëœ Systems that think rationally ïÆ'Ëœ Systems that act likeRead MoreEssay on artificial intelligence471 Words   |  2 Pages Artificial intelligence or Al for short capability of a computer to perform functions that is normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning or self-improvement. Its concept requests a lot more than present information to the user; it requires that the machine is not only able to store and manipulate information but also to deal with its quot;meaningquot;. AI is what we call understanding, a combination of computer science, physiology and philosophy. The element thatRead MoreTechnology Innovation In Information Technology1613 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Computing. Artificial Intelligence (Cognitive Computing) in the Data Center The growing complexity of network infrastructures has increased the demand for intelligent coordination, configuration, and collaboration between government and its OEM Vendors. While the criticality of intelligent event management for ensuring resilient and stable cross-border services is of growing importance, customer expectations have similarly increased. The wave of Artificial Intelligence or Cognitive ComputingRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley And Parable Of The Sower By Octavia E. Butler1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"And the Destiny of Earthseed is to take root among the stars.† (Butler 77) The books â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley and â€Å"Parable of the Sower† by Octavia E. Butler are both science fiction novels warning of a dangerous potential future. Frankenstein looks at the dangers of creating artificially intelligent beings, while Parable of the Sower explores human savagery in the collapse of American civilization as the result of poor political decisions. Each addresses concerns of the time they were published

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence Essay example

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence The roots of artificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Greece with myths like that of Pygmalion, which incorporated the idea of an intelligent robot. These early thoughts soon developed into stories like Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in 1818, which was the story of a monster created by man and brought to life. These stories make for interesting fireside tales and bedtime reading, but where did artificial intelligence truly get its start? Most scientists and historians would give this credit to â€Å"the father of artificial intelligence†1, John McCarthy. Without McCarthy, the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† would not have been coined; and many discoveries in this growing field†¦show more content†¦In 1944, he enrolled at California Institute of Technology as a junior due to his work in high school. After McCarthy returned from fighting in World War II in 1945, he proceeded to earn both his bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Cal Tech. Soon after he finished his schooling, McCarthy moved out into the world to figure out how he would use his abilities for the rest of his life. His search soon ended after listening to a lecture at his alma mater, Cal Tech. In 1948, John heard â€Å"the renowned mathematical logician and computer designer John von Neumann deliver a paper on self-replicating automata—machines capable of creating copies of themselves†3, at the Hixon Symposium for Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior at Cal Tech. â€Å"Von Neumann’s talk sparked McCarthy’s interest, and he began thinking about the relationship of human intelligence to machine intelligence.†4 McCarthy decided to study for his PhD at Princeton in 1949, where von Neumann was on the faculty. When he first arrived, McCarthy first attempted to model human intelligence in a machine; however, he was not satisfied with the results that he first received from the tests. The theories that McCarthy developed during this time were very useful in his future work on machine states and transitions. In the mid 1950’s, the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† was first presented when McCarthy requested money from t heShow MoreRelatedKnowledge Management And Its Roots From Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence And Organization Level Learning2308 Words   |  10 Pagesincludes the individual expertise and know-hows. Both these knowledge types are necessary for an effective growth of any organization and successful implementation of Knowledge Management Practice. Knowledge management has its roots from cognitive science, artificial intelligence and organization level learning. For knowledge management to be successful at every stage within the organization, Wiig (1993) mentions the importance of two knowledge related aspects. These are the knowledge assets that areRead MoreHow Close Are We Really Artificial Intelligence?1249 Words   |  5 PagesHow Close Are We Really to Artificial Intelligence? In The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, written by Douglas Adams, a man named Arthur Dent wakes up and finds himself at the beginning of beyond a bad day. When he learns that a friend of his is actually an alien with advanced knowledge of Earth s impending destruction, he is transported off the Earth seconds before it is exploded to make way for a new hyperspace motorway. And as if that s not enough, throw in being wanted by the police, EarthRead MoreImportance Of Artificial Intelligence1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmost famous science fiction writers, artificial intelligence ( AI) is taking root in our everyday lives† ( Science Fiction to Reality 1). Artificial Intelligence is a machinery which includes network and a probabilistic model. Artificial intelligence is the computer that can now spontaneously translate spoken and written conversation. It can also recognize and accurately cations photos, identify faces and can be your personal assistant. Artificial intelligenc e has specific technologies, like theRead MoreThe Invention Of Artificial Intelligence1668 Words   |  7 PagesIn our lives today, we all use some form of Artificial Intelligence daily. Some of these activities include: using cellular apps (Google Maps, Siri, Cortana), playing video games, and listening to music. Although the use of Artificial Intelligence has made human life more efficient and effective, it has also insinuated reliance and unsuspecting ignorance into our minds as well, and we do not even see it coming. The history of Artificial Intelligence dates back to the 1950s. Approximately fourteenRead MoreA Research On Artificial Intelligence1338 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation, and act in a human-like way. Artificial Intelligence has many uses across many fields, especially in the field of Medicine. Early on in the field, many scientists and doctors believed that robots controlled by sophisticated AI would be able to surpass clinicians. â€Å"With such motivations, a small but talented community of computer scientists and healthcare professionals set about shaping a research program for a new discipline called Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM). These researchersRead Morepsy 3601407 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Psychology/PSY360 Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes surrounding learning, memory, perception, and thought. Though it is still a relatively new formal branch of psychology, its roots extend back to Descartes who sought a way to explain how the mind worked, proposing the analogy of a â€Å"hydraulic system of nerve function† (Willingham, 2007, p. 26) after he observed animated statues in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It has been the restlessRead MoreThe Root Of Cognitive Architecture Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction and Background The root of cognitive architecture goes back to 1950s during which the topic of creating programs capable of reasoning about problems in different domains, developing insights, adaption to new situations and reflection on themselves started to receive general attention. This domain, which lies partly in artificial intelligence area, may be realized in four different ways [2]: ïÆ'Ëœ Systems that think like humans ïÆ'Ëœ Systems that think rationally ïÆ'Ëœ Systems that act likeRead MoreEssay on artificial intelligence471 Words   |  2 Pages Artificial intelligence or Al for short capability of a computer to perform functions that is normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning or self-improvement. Its concept requests a lot more than present information to the user; it requires that the machine is not only able to store and manipulate information but also to deal with its quot;meaningquot;. AI is what we call understanding, a combination of computer science, physiology and philosophy. The element thatRead MoreTechnology Innovation In Information Technology1613 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Computing. Artificial Intelligence (Cognitive Computing) in the Data Center The growing complexity of network infrastructures has increased the demand for intelligent coordination, configuration, and collaboration between government and its OEM Vendors. While the criticality of intelligent event management for ensuring resilient and stable cross-border services is of growing importance, customer expectations have similarly increased. The wave of Artificial Intelligence or Cognitive ComputingRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley And Parable Of The Sower By Octavia E. Butler1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"And the Destiny of Earthseed is to take root among the stars.† (Butler 77) The books â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley and â€Å"Parable of the Sower† by Octavia E. Butler are both science fiction novels warning of a dangerous potential future. Frankenstein looks at the dangers of creating artificially intelligent beings, while Parable of the Sower explores human savagery in the collapse of American civilization as the result of poor political decisions. Each addresses concerns of the time they were published

Expository Essay Topics for Middle School Tips

Expository Essay Topics for Middle School Tips In an academic setting, but the paper needs to be formatted and organized in line with the corresponding standards without the usage of informal languages like slang or jargon. Focus on your language as it ought to be eerror-free Imagine your essay is a precious stone and produce all its faces shine using an easily readable and unique language. Nevertheless, it is recommended to be aware of what makes a great expository paper before you embark on the writing process. The duration of the essay however varies dependent on the topic and a tutor's requirements. It is most expedient to get started writing essays as soon as you have read a sample of the exact sort of essay. Choose the one which you liek to compose an ideal expository essay! Since you may see, there are many topics you may write an essay on. There are lots of expository essay topics to select from. If you don't wish to compose a lengthy paper, you may use our example of short expository essay writing that you can locate on our website. Being an on-line essay journalist isn't really a job which's simple. You cannot begin writing an essay without a sharp clue about what things to write. Oftentimes, the expository essay you write will be contingent upon an essay prompt that is offered to you. Whether you're middle school, higher school or university student, you will need to improve your expository essay abilities. You're directed to visit the principal's office immediately. Explain why you especially delight in a specific teacher. Explain why some students are made to leave school as soon as they are sixteen. All students ought to be asked to volunteer locally. They should be required to take a shop or practical arts class. They should be required to take a performing arts class. Then the next step is going to be to find out more about the expository essay structure. It is possible to always have a look at expository essay examples and have a better comprehension of how the entire writing process is about. Unlike in the majority of other forms of essay, you don't will need to generate a point or prove your opinion on the subject-matter is accurate. Once you choose a topic, you should reply to the query and after that substantiate your response with three or more motivations as to why you think like that. There's no location for bias or private opinion in an expository paper. The introductory paragraph will include a thesis statement and the theme ought to be grounded. An introduction has become the most significant part your bit of writing. Thus, as an example, you cannot choose a topic as the very best book I have ever read. The examples I have located in the text help the reader to consider the issue differently, to estimate the seriousness of what is occuring. Who Else Wants to Learn About Expository Essay Topics for Middle School? The source of social problems is difficult to exhaust because new problems intensively show up in the society. As an example, let's say you decide on the very first topic from our list. You're able to incorporate information based on your own personal life findings, but nevertheless, it shouldn't be the sole source. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you wind up getting a great grade. The goal of the expository essay is to expand the info on this issue in a logical way. To the contrary, you might explore mental health tips and keep upbeat. The ideal way to attain that is to select a topic you want to know more about or have some overall understanding about. Surely, you're an individual with several interests, and it could pose some challenge to pick just one out of all of the potential topics for expository essay. The Tried and True Method for Expository Essay Topics for Middle School in Step by Step Detail If you're going to compose an expository essay, be ready to devote much time hitting books. Explain why it is you're interested in a specific career. When you are in possession of a well-formulated topic, it's a half success of your final writing. You're likely to get ample chance to set your very own creative touches on your expository essay, but first you have to realize the fundamentals.

Comparing The Writing Styles, Data Collection And Analysis Process Example For Students

Comparing The Writing Styles, Data Collection And Analysis Process Outline1 Introduction2 Summary of research designs3 The role of the researcher4 The purpose and role of literature5 Data collection and analysis6 Analysis of writing styles7 Conclusion Introduction In order to understand human experiences, qualitative researchers ask how and why as opposed to how much or how many. Inasmuch as there are so many diverse types of people, groups, and organizations to investigate, there are varied methods as to which a researcher might use to learn about them. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of five research designs and to compare and contrast the writing styles, data collection and analysis process, as well as the role of a researcher, of each research method. Summary of research designs Narrative research is rooted in the study of stories told by participants about specific events, or a series of events. This type of study focuses on one individual, sometimes two and relies mostly on interviews as the method for collecting data (Creswell, 2013). There are many types of narratives, some dating back to the beginning of civilization. These approaches include: a life history, an oral history, biographical study, and an autoethnography (Creswell, 2013). Phenomenology Research focuses on shared experiences of participants as it relates to a specified phenomenon. Researchers listen to the stories of participants, grouping material, identify themes, and analyzing that data to make inferences about the phenomenon (Campbell, 2011). There are two major types of phenomenological research: hermeneutic and transcendental (Creswell, 2013). Hermeneutic phenomenology refers to the interpreting of texts of lived experiences. This concept can be summed up as â€Å"understanding human action in context† (Willis, 2007, p.104). Throughout this type of study, researchers will look for themes. Transcendental phenomenology, however, does not necessarily focus on the interpretation, but more on descriptions presented by participants (Creswell, 2013). Grounded Theory is a method of qualitative research that has its roots in sociology and is used by many researchers in the fields of social sciences, including education. This method focuses on the development of a theory based on the actions or process of a group of people. There are two distinct schools of thought in how the process should occur: systematically, or more of a constructivist approach. Either approach, data is collected by interviewing participants, generally 20-60, and then the data is analyzed by a series of coding processes: open, axial, and selective. When all is said and done, the researcher will have developed a theory (Creswell, 2013). Ethnography research has its roots in early 20th-century cultural anthropology, but has since expanded to more diverse fields of study. An ethnography details a group of people that share a culture. Most studies involve large groups of people (however, not a requirement), over a long period of time. Data are collected by extensive observations, even to the point of researcher immersion. The published study will include extensive details about patterns of values, behavior, and language of the shared-culture group. Beyond reporting the details, the research will make inferences regarding the behaviors and interactions of the group members (Creswell, 2013). The study of ethnography is so vast that it has its own academic journal. Published by SAGE Journals, Ethnography is a peer reviewed journal that provides ethnographic findings, theories, and critiques (SAGE 2016) . Made popular by famous psychologists, case studies involve the intentional study of real-life, current contexts, over a set amount of time and the collection of in-depth data including interviews, observations, and documents (Creswell, 2013). This focus of the case could be based on an individual, small group, or an organization, depending on the research question. The role of the researcher In all methods of qualitative research, the researcher’s personal experiences, biases, and prejudices must be addresses. Even their personality may affect the outcome of the results. So it is critical that the researcher use sound data to ensure quality of the research process and valid results (McCusker Gunaydin, 2015). In each method of design, the researcher spends a great deal of time interviewing participants, and sometimes, immersing themselves in the lives of the participants. There are, however, some distinct differences between the different design methods. Narrative: the researcher, as in any method, plays the important role of a listener. In this case, however, the researcher pays attention to details that are sometimes overlooked in other methods, such as the pacing and rhythm in which the participates tells their story. Also, the researcher will generally not interrupt the speaker with question as is often the case in other design methods (Sandelowski, 1991). Phenomenonology: in this type of study, the researcher must bracket themselves in order to remove an possibility of bias, assumptions, or prejudices based on personal experiences with the subject matter (Thompson, 2016). Essay Development ProcessEthnographic studies examine a shared culture through the analysis of behavior, language, and interactions of participants. The data collection is gathered through thorough fieldwork and consists of interviews and artifacts (Creswell 2013). The researcher must report the data exactly as the participant shares it, but must analyze it scientifically. The notes are intensely specific, consisting of what was said, descriptions of the participants as they are speaking, rituals, time, and symbols (Kuttner Threlkeld). Case Study data collection includes interviews, observations, documents and audiovisual materials. Analysis includes a detailed description of the case, examining themes and placing them in chronological order (Creswell, 2013). Depending on the goal of the research, the study can include a holistic examination of the data or it can include an analysis of subcategories within the case, which is called embedded analysis (Yin, 2009). Analysis of writing styles Narrative studies are written by a method called â€Å"restorying† in which the researcher listens to and observes participants, as well as examines artifacts and documents, in order to gather key ideas. The researcher will then arrange the details so that the narrative unfolds chronologically. In fact, narratives often follow the plot structure of a novel with an introduction, climax, conflict and so on. It would also include useful information regarding setting, characters and themes. There is however, some debate as to whether a narrative analysis should be written as a narrative itself. Ultimately, it depends on the intended audience (Clandinin Connelly, 2000). Phenomenological studies are written once themes emerge. The researcher uses the themes to compose a description of the phenomenon, based on the data collected from the participants. The description is intended to illuminate common experiences so that the audience has a better understanding of what the participants have experienced (Creswell, 2013). In a grounded theory approach, the researcher will write more than a description or narrative, but move on to the next step and actually develop a written theory, explaining a process or action (Creswell, 2013). Ethnographies are written so that the end result is a better understanding of culture; and sometimes the researcher will study groups that have been marginalized by society in order to effect positive change (Creswell, 2013). They are generally written in narrative form, with a thematic analysis, and conclude with a description of how the system within the culture works (Fetterman, 2010). Case studies chronicle relevant events, include a thematic analysis, and an interpretation of the meaning of the case. Oftentimes, the researcher reveals a lesson learned based on the case (Creswell, 2013). Conclusion After looking at the myriad of methods and processes a researcher must consider when developing a research plan, there is no clear formula to determine which is right. It is best to consider the purpose and audience and let those factors dictate which method is best.

Sound In Poetry Essays (1089 words) - Poetic Rhythm, Alliteration

Sound In Poetry Shana Williamson April 7, 2000 English 110B-Frank Essay #2 Sound in Poetry Poems usually begin with words or phrase which appeal more because of their sound than their meaning, and the movement and phrasing of a poem. Every poem has a texture of sound, which is at least as important as the meaning behind the poem. Rhythm, being the regular recurrence of sound, is at the heart of all natural phenomena: the beating of a heart, the lapping of waves against the shore, the croaking of frogs on a summer's night, the whisper of wheat swaying in the wind. Rhythm and sound and arrangement ?the formal properties of words?allow the poet to get beyond, or beneath the surface of a poem. Both Gwendolyn Brooks' ?Sadie and Maud? (799) and Anne Bradstreet's ?To My Dear and Loving Husband? (784) emphasize poetic sound to express their themes. Used to enhance sound in a poem, alliteration is the repetition of sound in consecutive or neighboring words, usually at the beginning of words. Both Brooks and Bradstreet make use of alliteration in their poems. ?Sadie stayed at home. / Sadie scraped life (2-3) the repetition of s is evident in these two lines, reflecting the sassiness and independence that Sadie possessed. ?Then while we live, in love lets [persevere]? (11) the slow musical repetition of the l sounds reflect the romantic emphasis in the poem. Assonance?the repetition of the same or similar vowel sound, especially in stressed syllables?can also enrich a poem. Assonance can be used to unify a poem as in Bradstreet's poem in which it emphasizes the thematic connection among words and unifies the poem's ideas of the husband and wife becoming one. ?Compare with me ye woman if you can? (4). In Brook's poem, repeated vowel sounds extend throughout. Brooks indirectly links certain words and by connecting these words, she calls attention to the imagery that helps communicate the poems theme of how different two people who grew up in the same household can be. ?Under her maiden name/ Maud and Ma and Papa (10-11). In addition to alliteration and assonance, poets create sound patterns with rhyme. The conventional way to describe a poem's rhyme scheme is to chart rhyming words that appear at the ends of lines. In Brooks' poem the rhyme scheme is abcb, defe which reinforces the way two things can begin the same, but change as time goes on. Naturally, rhyme does not have to be subtle to enrich a poem. An obvious rhyme scheme like the one in Bradstreet's poem is aabb, ccdd can communicate meaning by forcing attention on a relationship between two people that are not normally linked. The poem's theme speaks of the husband and wife becoming one, the poem's rhyme scheme is of two consecutive lines belonging together and having one sound. Rhyme can also be classified according to the position of the rhyming syllables in a line of verse. Bradstreet's poem contains beginning rhyme, Brooks' poem, on the other hand, contains only end rhyme. ?I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold/ My love is such that rivers cannot quench/ Thy love is such I can in no way repay?(5, 7, 9). ?Her girls struck out from home/ Her fine-tooth comb? (14, 16). Poets, too, create rhyme by using repeated words and phrases. ?Sadie scraped life/ with a fine-toothed comb? (3-4) and ?Sadie had left as heritage/ her fine-tooth comb? (15-16). The repeated phrases ?Sadie? and ?Maud?, which shift from one subject to the other and back again ?Maud went to college/ Sadie stayed at home? (1-2). The poem has a singing rhythm that resembles a song that children play to. The remembrance of carefree childhood ironically contrasts with the adulthood that both Sadie and Maud now face as they grow up: Sadie stays home and has two children out of wedlock; Maud goes to college and ends up ?a thin brown mouse?. Repeated phrases in Bradstreet's poem include ?if ever? and ?love?. ?If ever two were one then surely we. / If ever man were loved by wife then thee? (1-2). ?My Love is such that rivers cannot quench, / Nor ought but love from the give recompence? (9-10). With such recurrence, the poem